bintang

Monday 10 June 2013

bahasa inggris

Type of text :

            Narrative text is a text which contains about story ( fiction / non fiction / tales / folktales/ fables / myths/epic) and its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.
            A narrative text is a text amuse, entertain and deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways. Narrative deal with problematic events which lead to a crisis or turning point of some kind, which in turn finds a resolution.
            The narrative text short story is telling of a story or an account of a sequence of events. One of the four traditional forms of composition (along with description, exposition, and persuasion). Narration differs from exposition, which can also relate a sequence of events, in that narration need not be factual and may be written from the perspective of a character in the text.

The generic sctucture of a narrative text:

1.Orientation: Sets the scene and introduces the participants.

2. Complication: A crisis arises

3. Resolution: The crisis is resolved, for the better or for worse.

4. Re-orientation: Optinal

5. Evaluation: A stepping back to evaluate the plight.

Language Features of Narrative
· Using processes verbs
· Using temporal conjunction
· Using Simple Past Tense


Hortatory exposition

            Hortatory exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to persuade the listeners or readers that something should or should not happen or be done. Hortatory exposition is a text which represent the attempt of the writer to have the addressee do something or act in certain way.
B. Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition
1. Thesis : Statement or announcement of issue concern
2. Arguments : Reasons for concern that will lead to recommendation
3. Recommendation : Statement of what should or should not happen or be done based on the given arguments

Language Feature of Hortatory Exposition :
1. Focusing on the writer
2. Using abstract noun; policy, advantage, etc
3. Using action verb
4. Using thinking verb
5. Using modal adverb; certainly, surely, etc
6. Using temporal connective; firstly, secondly, etc
7. Using evaluative words; important, valuable, trustworthy, etc
8. Using passive voice
9. Using simple present tense
Generic features of hortatory exposition :
1.    A Hortatory exposition focuses on generic human and non human participants.
2.    It uses mental processes.
3.    It often needs material processes.
4.    It ussualy use simple present tense and present perfect tense.
5.    Given argument : firstly,secondly,finally.
Spoof
            Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny ending. Its social function is to entertain and share the story.

Generic Structure of Spoof
1. Orientation
2. Events
3. Twist

Language Feature of Spoof
1. Focusing on people, animals or certain things
2. Using action verb; ate, ran, etc
3. Using adverb of time and place
4. Told in chronological order

Language Expression :


Expressing Love
Formal situations
Informal situations
·         I love you
·         I have a crush on you
·         I love you too
·         Let me be with you
·         I like..
·         I think I love you
·         I enjoy..

·         I’m very keen on…




Expressing Sadness
Formal situations
Informal situations
·         Oh, I just  don’t know what to do
·         I can’t believe what’s going on
·         Please leave me alone
·         I can’t hold my tears on it
·         Come on! It can not be as bad as all that..
·         Oh,no… ( crying )
·         I can see why you’re so sad…but…
·         How sorrowful it is
·         I am really very sad
·      It is tragic

Expressing embarrassment
Formal situations
Informal situations
·         How embarrassing !
·         What a shame !
·         It really makes me ashamed.
·         It’s my embarrassment to say like that
·         I was so embarassed.
·         I was so ashamed
·         tell me it did not happen.
·         I am bashful to say the fact
·         I am shy to say so


EXPRESSING ANGER & ANNOYANCE

            The examples are categorized by the situation: informal, neutral and formal. Here they are:
NEUTRAL
INFORMAL
FORMAL
I’m very annoyed …
Oh dear…/Oh No!
What a nuisance!
This really makes me cross/angry.
It annoys me.
It isn’t very nice/ pleasant.
I really hate him!
Oh, hell, No!
Oh damn!
Oh no, what’s next?
She makes me mad.
He really makes me see red.
What an idiot!
I can’t stand it anymore.
I’m fed up with it.
That’s the last straw.
Why the hell didn’t he stop calling me..?
I’ve had just about enough of this condition.
This is extremely irritating
I can’t say I’m at all pleased …
I’m extremely displeased/angry/unhappy.
I must say I reject to I will not pull up with
I take great exception t

Expressing Stance

-in formal situation can use:
-in informal situation can use :
 
 Personally I believe… (your opinion)

If you ask me,… ( your opinion)

 My view of … is… (your opinion)

 I guess … ( your opinion)

 From my point of view, … (your opinion)

You know what I think? (I think)

Expressing agree and disagree
Asking for agreement
Agreeing
·         Ok ? / right ? / yeah ?
·         You’re right
·         Is that  all right with you ?
·         Yes , I agree
·         Do you agree ?
·         That’s quite right / true.
·         Don’t you think / feel ?
·         Oh, exactly
·         Would you agree that ?
·         I think so too
·         I wonder if you’d agree with ?
·         I don’t think anyone could with…

Disagreeing
how to agree stongly with an opinion
·         Never ! / not to all / oh surely not
·         I couldn’t agree more !
·         You don’t mean it
·         That’s absolutely true
·         That’s not true
·         Absolutely !
·         Not really
·         I agree with your point
·         I disagree with…
·         I’m with you on that
·         I see thing rather differently myself
·         That’s a good point
·         Personally, I tend to agree with
·         That’s just how I see it

Grammar Focus :
Simple Past tense
            Simple Past tense is used to express that something happened/took place and was finished at some time in the past. It also indicates that an activity began and ended at particular time in the past. We use the past simple to talk about actions or situations in the past.
For example:
·         Mr. Edward died ten years ago.
·         When I lived in Manchester, I worked in a bank.
Simple Past usually ends in –ed (regular), for example:
·         After we arrived at the gardens we walked down to the Education Centre.
·         She passed the final examination because she studied hard.
·         We invited them to our party last week.
But many simple past are irregular means that the simple past does not end in –ed. For example:
·         We all left the party at 11 o’clock. (leave)
·         Yesterday we went to the Botanical Garden. (go)
·         A lady took us in to a special room. (take)
The past of the verb be (am/is/are) is was/were, as the following examples:
·         It was time for us to go.
·         I was angry because Tom and Jerry were late.
            In past simple question and negatives, we use did/did not (didn’t) followed by the infinitive (open/walk/go, etc) but we do not use did with the verb be

Positive
Negative
Question
We went to the Botanic Garden.
We didn’t go to the Botanic Garden.
Did we go to the Botanic garden?
They were so angry.
They were not so angry.
Were they so angry?

Adjective clause
Adjective clause or relative clause tells us which (what kind of) person or thing the speaker means. For example:
ü      The man who lives next door … (tells us which man)
ü      People who live in London … (tells us what kind of people)
·         ‘Who’ is used when we are talking about people. For example:
The man – he lives next door – is very friendly
The man who lives next door is very friendly.
It is also possible to use ‘that’ instead of ‘who’.
The man that lives next door is very friendly.
·         ‘Which’ is used to talk about things. We can also use ‘that’.
ü      A dictionary is a book which/that gives you the meanings of words.
ü      Where are the eggs which/that are in the fridge?
·         ‘Whose’ is used instead of his/her/their (mostly for people):
We saw some people – their car had broken down.
We saw some people whose car had broken down.
·         ‘Whom’ is possible instead of who (for people) when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause. For example:
ü      The man was away on holiday.
ü      I wanted to see him.
ü      The man whom I wanted to see was away on holiday.
ü      In spoken English, we normally prefer who or that.
·         ‘Where’ is to talk about places.
ü      The hotel – we stayed there – wasn’t very clean
ü      The hotel where we stayed wasn’t very clean.

Indirect speech
Indirect speech we use the speaker’s own words. When using direct speech in your writing you need to use the correct punctuation.
1.     The exact words spoken must be enclosed in speech marks.
2.     The first word of the speech must begin with a capital letter.
3.     The words in the speech marks must be separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma.
4.     You must use a new line when a new speaker begins to speak.
For example:
·         I said, “Come on Chris, have another slide it’s great fun. “
·         I said, “Come on Chris haven’t you had any exercise?”
·         Tom said, “I’m feeling bad.”
·         Helen said, “I am going home.”

            In indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech) we do not use the exact words of the speaker. We sometimes need to change pronouns and verb tenses. We don’t use speech marks. When we use reported speech, we are usually talking about the past. So verb usually change to the past, for example:
am/is
are
have/has
will
can
do/want/know, etc
was
were
had
would
could
did/wanted/knew, etc

Here are the examples of indirect/reported speech:
·         Tom said (that) he was feeling bad.
·         Helen said (that) she was going home.
·         I said to Chris to have another slide.
·         I told Jim not to shout.

Past perfect, form
The Past Perfect tense in English is composed of two parts: the past tense of the verb tohave (had) + the past participle of the main verb.
Subject
Had
past participle
We
Had
decided...
Affirmative


She
Had
given.
Negative


We
hadn't
asked.
Interrogative


Had
They
arrived?
Interrogative negative


Hadn't
You
finished?
Example: to decidePast perfect

Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I had decided
I hadn't decided
Had I decided?
You had decided
You hadn't decided
Had you decided?
He, she, it had decided
He hadn't decided
Had she decided?
We had decided
We hadn't decided
Had we decided?
You had decided
You hadn't decided
Had you decided?
They had decided
They hadn't decided
Had they decided?


Past perfect, function
The past perfect refers to a time earlier than before now. It is used to make it clear that one event happened before another in the past. It does not matter which event is mentioned first - the tense makes it clear which one happened first.
In these examples, Event A is the first or earliest event, Event B is the second or latest event:
Event A
Event B
John had gone out
when I arrived in the office.
had saved my document
before the computer crashed.
When they arrived
we had already started cooking
He was very tired
because he hadn't slept well.
Past perfect + just
'Just' is used with the past perfect to refer to an event that was only a short time earlier than before now, e.g.
a. The train had just left when I arrived at the station.

b. She had just left the room when the police arrived
.
c. I had just put the washing out when it started to rain.




Past Continuous

            The Past continuous tense in English is form composed :
            Pattern positive :
            ( S + was / were + V ing )
            Example :

·         You were studying she called.
·         When he left the sun was shining brightly.
·         That child was crying when we saw him

            Pattern negative :
            ( S + was / were not + V ing )
            Example :

·         She wasn’t doing anything when the boss came
·         Jane wasn’t at home when you arrived
·         Jack wasn’t studying when the teacher came in

            Pattern interrogative :
            ( was / were ( not ) + S + V ing )
            Example :

·         Was he doing anything when the boss came ?
·         Wasn’t jane at home when you arrived ?
·         Were you listening while he was talking ?

Past perfect continuous
            We can use past perfect continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past.
            Pattern positive :
            ( S + had been + V ing )
            Example :
·         Mrs.Lina had been teaching in here for 6 years
·         She had been sleeping for a while when her husband returned home
·         You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.
            Pattern negative :
            ( S + hadn’t been + V ing )
            Example :
·         Jack hadn’t been teaching in here for 8 years
·         I had not been studying in turkey very long.
·         I hadn’t been staying in station for 60 minutes when the train finally arrived

            Pattern interrogative :
            ( had been ( not ) + S + V ing
            Example :

·         How long had she been sleeping when her husband returned home ?
·         How long had you been waiting to get on bus ?
·         Had you been waiting there for more than three hours when she finally arrived ?









Question :

        Choose the correct answer by crossing a,b,c,d or e !

1.    Before they …………(start) the party they had invited some friends.
a.    Start
b.    Starting
c.    Started
d.    Had started
e.    Was started
2.    After he ………(finish) school he worked for a magazine.
A)   Finish
B)   Finished
C)   Finishing
D)   Had Finished
E)   Had Finish
3.    I have read the book ….. you just mentioned.
A)   whose
B)   whom
C)   who
D)   to whom
E)   that
4.    He paid the money to the man ….. had done the work
A)   Whom
B)   Who
C)   Whose
D)   That
E)   When
5.    She (study) English last month.
A)   study
B)   studied
C)   studying
D)   had study
E)   had studied


6.    They (not-buy) a new house two months ago.
A)   Did not buy
B)   Not buying
C)   Not buy
D)   Did not bought
E)   Not bought
7.    He (live) in Jakarta about ten years
A)   Living
B)   Live
C)   Lived
D)   Had live
E)   Had been living
8.    I (repair) freezer when my friend came to my house
A)   Repair
B)   Repaired
C)   Had been repairing
D)   Repairing
E)   Was repairing
9.    I (sleep) when my friend came to my house yesterday
A)    Sleeping             D)  Was sleeping
B)    Sleep                   E)  Was slept
C)    Slept
10.  Joh and Merry (love) each other
A)   Had loved                                   D)   Had been loving
B)   Had loving                      E)   Had love
C)   Loving
11. John asked, “What do you want?”
The correct indirect speech is….
A)   John asked me what I  wanted
B)   John asked me if what you want
C)   John asked me if I wanted
D)   John asked me what if I want
E)   John asked me what I want
12. “I may be late,” said Mike.
The correct indirect speech is….
A)    Make said to me that he might be late
B)    Make said to me that he may late
C)    Make said to me that he if may be late
D)    Make said to me that he if may been late
E)     Make said to me that he may be late

13.   Yati    : Hay Efah..
Efah    : Eh Yati ..
Yati     : What are you doing now ?
Efah    : Nothing ..
Yati     : But, I see you sadness .
Efah    : Yes, that’s right.
Yati     : Why ?
Efah    : Because I lose my novel.
Yati     : How can it lose ?
Efah    : Before, I take it in my table. Then I go out from the class.
              When I come back, It’s Nothing..
Yati     : You really sloopy.
Efah    : Yeah, I know.
Yati     : Try to look for. I will help you.
Efah    : Thanks ..
In the dialogue efah expresses…
A)   Sadness                           D)   Agreement
B)   Love                                 E)   Stance
C)   Happiness
14.  X: " children should have outdoor activities instead of playing games at home or watching TV. "
Y: " I think I agree with you "
            the underlined expression shows…………………………..
A)   Disagreement                   D)     Imposibilty
B)   agreement                        E)     inability
C)   ability
15.  X: " Do you know that Ariel has been appointed a general manager of our company?"
Y: " I don't think he is a right person in the position"
            The underlined word expresses………………………………
A)   Symphaty                                     D)  agreement
B)   disagreement                   E)  Pleasure
C)   like

16.  Imam : waitress!!!
            Vio : How could you do such a foolish thing?
            Tya : Honey, what are you doing here? Who is the girl?
            Vio : Honey? What is your relation with her, darling?
            Imam : I don’t know who is the girl, baby. She is just waitress in this restaurant.
            Vio : I don’t believe you. You are crocodile.
            Tya : You’re playboy. I hate you
            Vio : I hate you more.
            Tya ‘n Vio : we break now!
            Imam : I admit what I did was wrong.
                The underlined word expresses………………………………
A)    Sadness                                  D)    Pleasure
B)    disagreement                          E)    Agreement
C)    anger

17.  Imam : “Because of you, my life has changed, thank you for the love and the joy you bring…”
            Tya : What’s wrong with you??? Are you feeling sick?
            Imam no,no,no. Actually, I’m falling in love with you. Please be mine.
            Tya : Really???
            Imam : Of course.
            Tya : I need your proving now.
            Imam : Close your eyes! If you want to be mine, please take this ring. But if you don’t,                              throw it.
            Tya : OK, I’m yours.
            The underlined word expresses………………………………
A)        Sadness                                  D)  agreement
B)          disagreement                          E)  love
C)          anger

18.  A : You know George didn't come last Saturday night
            B : Really? I saw him with a girl in Lembayung cafe. I thought they were dating there.
            A : But he said that he accompanied his mother to hospital
            B : You were lied by him.
            A :yes, I know. I am annoyed. I can't bear it any longer. It's over.
                The underlined word expresses………………………………
A)          Sadness                                  D)    stance
B)          disagreement                          E)    love
C)          anger

19.  A : Today is my bad day
            B : Why? What's wrong?
            A : I feel down from motorcycle in front of Campus
            B : Really? Are you Ok?
            A : I am fine, but I feel so embarrassed because my shoes were flying over me and my                           skirt wastorn
            B : You must be very ashamed
            A : You bet. I felt so ashamed to know that. I don't feel convenient because there were                             some   boys hanging out.
                The underlined word expresses………………………………
A)          Sadness                                  D)    love
B)          embarassment                        E)   stance
C)          anger

20.  Anna: I think I have to leave Andrew. Our relationship is running worse day after day.
Jennifer: It's surprising me. What happen?
Anna: I found him with somebody else.
Jennifer: What? Who the hell is the girl?
 Anna: Helena. Jennifer: What? Helena. The girl from next class?
Anna: Yea. She was.
 Jennifer: Oh my God. I strongly believed that she's pervert.
Anna: I think so. That's why I told Andrew to choose me or her.
Jennifer: That's good idea. 

The underlined word expresses………………………………
A)          Sadness                                  D)   Love
B)          disagreement                          E)   stance
C)          like
Essay :
1.     
Why should wearing a helmet when reading motorcycle
      We often hear lots of stories from road regarding people taking spill on motorcycle when they are riding without using helmet. Mostly the riders badly end up in mess.
      Wearing a fitted protective helmet offers many benefits which reduces the negative aspects of riding. First and the most important is that wearing the correct helmet can save a rider's life, physical ability, family pain, and money. The recommended designs of motorcycle helmets can provide total protection. They not only protect riders from getting a worse road injured accident but also from flying bugs, such as rain, sleet, mud and other potential projectiles.
      Second, wearing a helmet can gives the raiders a matter of style. Helmets give the opportunity for rider to express the image they may want to project when riding on they way. This benefit may not be important to some people, but to others, it means a lot and important. By choosing the most appropriate helmet from all of the various styles, such as beanie, shorty, German, and many others, wearing a helmet which can projecting an image is an inherent crucial part of motorcycling and help riders feel more confident when riding on the road.
      However, what most important is wearing helmet when riding is a matter of using it properly. Bikers should use the helmets which are fixed to their head. It is really not good if they places simply the helmets on the head without settling them properly. The bikers should fasten the helmet correctly to their head in order to get safe and comfort.
What is the main idea of the text?
Answer :

2.     
GOLDEN EGGS

            Long time ago a remote village, in central China was inhabited mainly with farmers and hunters. One day, a poor farmer lost his entire livestock to flood. He prayed hard to God for help or his family would die of starvation.
Few days later, an old man with long grey beard, passed by his house took pity on him. He gave him a goose and said “ I don’t have any expensive thing to give you and hope this goose will help you to ease your hardship.”
            A week later to almost surprise the farmer found and egg in his yard. This was no ordinary egg. It was a golden egg. He was suddenly overcome with joy.
Thereafter, his livelihood had rapidly improved but the farmer had forgotten his earlier hardship. He became lazy, arrogant and spendthrift.
Strangely, the goose only laid one golden egg every six months. The greedy farmer lost his patient and slaughtered his goose thinking there were plenty of golden eggs inside its stomach.
Though he very much regretted for his foolishness, it’s already too late.

Which character in the story played?
Answer:
    
3.     
"Loving Money Too Much"

            There was a man who liked money very much. He worked all of his life and wanted to save all of his money for his own future. He was a real miser when it came to his money. He loved money more than just about anything.
            Even, just before he died, he said to his wife; "Now listen, when I die, I want you to take all my money and place it in the casket with me. I wanna take my money to the afterlife." So he asked his wife to promise him with all her heart that when he died, she would put all the money in the casket with him.
            Well, one day, he really died. Then he was stretched out in the casket. The wife was sitting there in black clothes next to her closest friend. When they finished the ceremony, just before the undertakers got ready to close the casket, the wife said "Wait just a minute!"
            She had a box in her hands. She came over with the box and placed it in the casket. After that the undertakers locked the casket down and rolled it away. Not long after that, her friend said, "I hope you were not crazy enough to put all that money in the casket."
            The wife turned to her friend and replied; "Yes, because I have promised." Then she continued; "I can't lie. I promised him that I was going to put that money in that casket with him." Feeling shocked, her friend said; "You mean that you have put every cent of his money in the casket with him?" Then the wife answered; "Surely I did. I got it all together, put all the money into my account and I just wrote him a check."
How is the end of the story ?
Answer :