Type of
text :
Narrative text is a text which contains about story (
fiction / non fiction / tales / folktales/ fables / myths/epic) and its plot
consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.
A narrative text is a text amuse,
entertain and deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways.
Narrative deal with problematic events which lead to a crisis or turning point
of some kind, which in turn finds a resolution.
The narrative text short
story is telling of a story or an account of
a sequence of events. One of the four traditional forms of composition (along
with description, exposition, and persuasion). Narration differs from
exposition, which can also relate a sequence of events, in that narration need
not be factual and may be written from the perspective of a character in the
text.
1.Orientation: Sets the scene and introduces the participants.
2. Complication: A crisis arises
3. Resolution: The crisis is resolved, for the better or for worse.
4. Re-orientation: Optinal
5. Evaluation: A stepping back to evaluate the plight.
Language Features of Narrative
· Using processes verbs
· Using temporal conjunction
· Using Simple Past Tense
Hortatory exposition
Hortatory
exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to persuade the
listeners or readers that something should or should not happen or be done.
Hortatory exposition is a text which represent the attempt of the writer to
have the addressee do something or act in certain way.
B. Generic Structure of
Hortatory Exposition
1. Thesis : Statement or announcement of issue
concern
2. Arguments : Reasons for concern that will lead
to recommendation
3. Recommendation : Statement of what should or should
not happen or be done based on the given arguments
Language
Feature of Hortatory Exposition :
1. Focusing on the writer
2. Using abstract noun; policy, advantage, etc
3. Using action verb
4. Using thinking verb
5. Using modal adverb; certainly, surely, etc
6. Using temporal connective; firstly, secondly, etc
7. Using evaluative words; important, valuable, trustworthy, etc
8. Using passive voice
9. Using simple present tense
1. Focusing on the writer
2. Using abstract noun; policy, advantage, etc
3. Using action verb
4. Using thinking verb
5. Using modal adverb; certainly, surely, etc
6. Using temporal connective; firstly, secondly, etc
7. Using evaluative words; important, valuable, trustworthy, etc
8. Using passive voice
9. Using simple present tense
Generic
features of hortatory exposition :
1. A Hortatory exposition focuses on
generic human and non human participants.
2. It uses mental processes.
3. It often needs material processes.
4. It ussualy use simple present tense
and present perfect tense.
5. Given argument :
firstly,secondly,finally.
Spoof
Spoof is a text which tells factual
story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny ending. Its
social function is to entertain and share the story.
Generic Structure of Spoof
1. Orientation
2. Events
3. Twist
Language Feature of Spoof
1. Focusing on people, animals or certain things
2. Using action verb; ate, ran, etc
3. Using adverb of time and place
4. Told in chronological order
Language Expression :
Expressing Love
|
|
Formal situations
|
Informal situations
|
·
I love you
|
·
I have a crush on you
|
·
I love you too
|
·
Let me be with you
|
·
I like..
|
·
I think I love you
|
·
I enjoy..
|
|
·
I’m very keen on…
|
Expressing Sadness
|
|
Formal situations
|
Informal situations
|
·
Oh, I just don’t
know what to do
|
·
I can’t believe what’s
going on
|
·
Please leave me alone
|
·
I can’t hold my tears
on it
|
·
Come on! It can not be
as bad as all that..
|
·
Oh,no… ( crying )
|
·
I can see why you’re
so sad…but…
|
·
How sorrowful it is
|
·
I am really very sad
|
· It is tragic
|
Expressing embarrassment
|
|
Formal situations
|
Informal situations
|
·
How embarrassing !
|
·
What a shame !
|
·
It really makes me
ashamed.
|
·
It’s my embarrassment
to say like that
|
·
I was so embarassed.
|
·
I was so ashamed
|
·
tell me it did not
happen.
|
·
I am bashful to say
the fact
|
·
I am shy to say so
|
EXPRESSING ANGER & ANNOYANCE
The
examples are categorized by the situation: informal, neutral and formal. Here
they are:
NEUTRAL
|
INFORMAL
|
FORMAL
|
I’m very annoyed …
Oh dear…/Oh No!
What a nuisance!
This really makes me cross/angry.
It annoys me.
It isn’t very nice/ pleasant.
I really hate him!
|
Oh, hell, No!
Oh damn!
Oh no, what’s next?
She makes me mad.
He really makes me see red.
What an idiot!
I can’t stand it anymore.
I’m fed up with it.
That’s the last straw.
Why the hell didn’t he stop calling me..?
I’ve had just about enough of this condition.
|
This is extremely irritating
I can’t say I’m at all pleased …
I’m extremely displeased/angry/unhappy.
I must say I reject to I will not pull up with
I take great exception t
|
Expressing Stance
-in formal situation can use:
|
-in informal situation can use :
|
Personally I believe… (your opinion) |
If you ask me,… ( your opinion)
|
My view of … is… (your opinion) |
I guess … ( your opinion) |
From my point of view, … (your opinion) |
You know what I think? (I think)
|
Expressing
agree and disagree
Asking for agreement
|
Agreeing
|
·
Ok ? / right ? / yeah
?
|
·
You’re right
|
·
Is that all right with you ?
|
·
Yes , I agree
|
·
Do you agree ?
|
·
That’s quite right /
true.
|
·
Don’t you think / feel
?
|
·
Oh, exactly
|
·
Would you agree that ?
|
·
I think so too
|
·
I
wonder if you’d agree with ?
|
·
I don’t think anyone
could with…
|
Disagreeing
|
how to agree stongly
with an opinion
|
·
Never ! / not to all /
oh surely not
|
·
I couldn’t agree more
!
|
·
You don’t mean it
|
·
That’s absolutely true
|
·
That’s not true
|
·
Absolutely !
|
·
Not really
|
·
I agree with your
point
|
·
I disagree with…
|
·
I’m with you on that
|
·
I see thing rather
differently myself
|
·
That’s a good point
|
·
Personally, I tend to
agree with
|
·
That’s just how I see
it
|
Grammar
Focus :
Simple
Past tense
Simple Past tense is used to express that something happened/took
place and was finished at some time in the past. It also indicates that an
activity began and ended at particular time in the past. We use the past simple
to talk about actions or situations in the past.
For example:
·
Mr. Edward died ten
years ago.
·
When I lived in
Manchester, I worked in a bank.
Simple Past usually ends
in –ed (regular), for example:
·
After we arrived at the
gardens we walked down to the Education Centre.
·
She passed the final
examination because she studied hard.
·
We invited them to our
party last week.
But many simple past are irregular means that the simple past does
not end in –ed. For example:
·
We all left the party at
11 o’clock. (leave)
·
Yesterday we went to the
Botanical Garden. (go)
·
A lady took us in to a
special room. (take)
The past of the verb be
(am/is/are) is was/were, as the following examples:
·
It was time for us to
go.
·
I was angry because Tom
and Jerry were late.
In past simple
question and negatives, we use did/did not (didn’t) followed
by the infinitive (open/walk/go, etc) but we do not use did with
the verb be
Positive
|
Negative
|
Question
|
We went to the Botanic
Garden.
|
We didn’t go to the
Botanic Garden.
|
Did we go to the
Botanic garden?
|
They were so angry.
|
They were not so
angry.
|
Were they so angry?
|
Adjective clause
Adjective clause or
relative clause tells us which (what kind of) person or thing the speaker
means. For example:
ü The man who lives next
door … (tells us which man)
ü People who live in London
… (tells us what kind of people)
·
‘Who’ is used when we are talking about people. For example:
The man – he lives next door – is very friendly
The man who lives next door is very friendly.
It is also possible to
use ‘that’ instead of ‘who’.
The man that lives next door is very friendly.
·
‘Which’ is used to talk about things. We can also use ‘that’.
ü A dictionary is a book
which/that gives you the meanings of words.
ü Where are the eggs
which/that are in the fridge?
·
‘Whose’ is used instead of his/her/their (mostly for people):
We saw some people – their car had broken down.
We saw some people whose car had broken down.
·
‘Whom’ is possible instead of who (for people) when it is the
object of the verb in the relative clause. For example:
ü The man was away on
holiday.
ü I wanted to see him.
ü The man whom I wanted to
see was away on holiday.
ü In spoken English, we
normally prefer who or that.
·
‘Where’ is to talk about places.
ü The hotel – we stayed
there – wasn’t very clean
ü The hotel where we stayed
wasn’t very clean.
Indirect speech
Indirect speech we use
the speaker’s own words. When using direct speech in your writing you need to
use the correct punctuation.
1.
The exact words spoken
must be enclosed in speech marks.
2.
The first word of the
speech must begin with a capital letter.
3.
The words in the speech
marks must be separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma.
4.
You must use a new line
when a new speaker begins to speak.
For example:
·
I said, “Come on Chris,
have another slide it’s great fun. “
·
I said, “Come on Chris
haven’t you had any exercise?”
·
Tom said, “I’m feeling
bad.”
·
Helen said, “I am going
home.”
In indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech) we
do not use the exact words of the speaker. We sometimes need to change pronouns
and verb tenses. We don’t use speech marks. When we use reported speech, we are
usually talking about the past. So verb usually change to the past, for
example:
am/is
are
have/has
will
can
do/want/know, etc
|
was
were
had
would
could
did/wanted/knew, etc
|
Here are the examples of
indirect/reported speech:
·
Tom said (that) he was
feeling bad.
·
Helen said (that) she
was going home.
·
I said to Chris to have
another slide.
·
I told Jim not to shout.
Past perfect, form
The Past Perfect tense
in English is composed of two parts: the past tense of the verb tohave (had) +
the past participle of the main verb.
Subject
|
Had
|
past participle
|
We
|
Had
|
decided...
|
Affirmative
|
||
She
|
Had
|
given.
|
Negative
|
||
We
|
hadn't
|
asked.
|
Interrogative
|
||
Had
|
They
|
arrived?
|
Interrogative
negative
|
||
Hadn't
|
You
|
finished?
|
Example: to
decide, Past perfect
Affirmative
|
Negative
|
Interrogative
|
I had decided
|
I hadn't decided
|
Had I decided?
|
You had decided
|
You hadn't decided
|
Had you decided?
|
He, she, it had decided
|
He hadn't decided
|
Had she decided?
|
We had decided
|
We hadn't decided
|
Had we decided?
|
You had decided
|
You hadn't decided
|
Had you decided?
|
They had decided
|
They hadn't decided
|
Had they decided?
|
Past perfect, function
The past perfect
refers to a time earlier than before now. It is used to
make it clear that one event happened before another in the past. It does not
matter which event is mentioned first - the tense makes it clear which one
happened first.
In these examples,
Event A is the first or earliest event, Event B is the second or latest event:
Event A
|
Event B
|
John had
gone out
|
when I arrived in
the office.
|
I had saved my
document
|
before the computer
crashed.
|
When they arrived
|
we had
already started cooking
|
He was very tired
|
because he hadn't
slept well.
|
Past perfect + just
'Just' is used with the past perfect to refer to an event that
was only a short time earlier than before now, e.g.
a. The train had
just left when I arrived at the station.
b. She had just left the room when the police arrived
.
c. I had just put the washing out when it started to rain.
c. I had just put the washing out when it started to rain.
Past
Continuous
The Past continuous tense in English
is form composed :
Pattern
positive :
( S + was / were + V ing )
Example :
·
You were studying she called.
·
When he left the sun was shining brightly.
·
That child was crying when we saw him
Pattern negative :
( S + was / were not + V ing )
Example :
·
She wasn’t doing anything when the boss
came
·
Jane wasn’t at home when you arrived
·
Jack wasn’t studying when the teacher came
in
Pattern interrogative :
( was / were ( not ) + S + V ing )
Example :
·
Was he doing anything
when the boss came ?
·
Wasn’t jane at home
when you arrived ?
·
Were you listening
while he was talking ?
Past perfect continuous
We can use past perfect continuous
to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time
in the past.
Pattern positive :
( S + had been + V ing )
Example :
·
Mrs.Lina had been teaching in here for 6 years
·
She had been sleeping for
a while when her husband returned home
·
You had been waiting
there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.
Pattern negative :
( S + hadn’t been + V ing )
Example :
·
Jack hadn’t been
teaching in here for 8 years
·
I had not been
studying in turkey very long.
·
I hadn’t been staying
in station for 60 minutes when the train finally arrived
Pattern interrogative :
( had been ( not ) + S + V ing
Example :
·
How long had she been
sleeping when her husband returned home ?
·
How long had you been
waiting to get on bus ?
·
Had you been waiting
there for more than three hours when she finally arrived ?
Question :
Choose the correct answer by crossing
a,b,c,d or e !
1. Before they …………(start) the party they
had invited some friends.
a. Start
b. Starting
c. Started
d. Had started
e. Was started
2. After he ………(finish) school he worked
for a magazine.
A) Finish
B) Finished
C) Finishing
D) Had Finished
E) Had Finish
3. I have read the book ….. you just
mentioned.
A) whose
B) whom
C) who
D) to whom
E) that
4. He paid the money to the man ….. had
done the work
A) Whom
B) Who
C) Whose
D) That
E) When
5.
She
(study) English last month.
A) study
B) studied
C) studying
D) had study
E) had studied
6.
They
(not-buy) a new house two
months ago.
A) Did not buy
B) Not buying
C) Not buy
D) Did not bought
E) Not bought
7. He (live) in Jakarta about ten years
A) Living
B) Live
C) Lived
D) Had live
E) Had been living
8.
I
(repair) freezer when my friend came to my house
A) Repair
B) Repaired
C) Had been repairing
D) Repairing
E) Was repairing
9.
I
(sleep) when my friend came to my house yesterday
A) Sleeping D) Was sleeping
B) Sleep E) Was slept
C) Slept
10. Joh and Merry (love) each other
A) Had loved D) Had been loving
B) Had loving E) Had
love
C) Loving
11. John asked, “What do you want?”
The
correct indirect speech is….
A) John asked me what I wanted
B) John asked me if what you want
C) John asked me if I wanted
D) John asked me what if I want
E) John asked me what I want
12. “I may be late,” said Mike.
The
correct indirect speech is….
A) Make said to me that he might be late
B) Make said to me that he may late
C) Make said to me that he if may be late
D) Make said to me that he if may been late
E) Make said to me that he may be late
13. Yati :
Hay Efah..
Efah :
Eh Yati ..
Yati :
What are you doing now ?
Efah :
Nothing ..
Yati :
But, I see you sadness .
Efah :
Yes, that’s right.
Yati :
Why ?
Efah :
Because I lose my novel.
Yati :
How can it lose ?
Efah :
Before, I take it in my table. Then I go out from the class.
When I come back, It’s Nothing..
Yati :
You really sloopy.
Efah :
Yeah, I know.
Yati :
Try to look for. I will help you.
Efah :
Thanks ..
In the dialogue efah expresses…
A)
Sadness D) Agreement
B)
Love E) Stance
C) Happiness
14. X: "
children should have outdoor activities instead of playing games at home or
watching TV. "
Y: " I think I agree
with you "
the underlined expression
shows…………………………..
A)
Disagreement D) Imposibilty
B)
agreement E) inability
C)
ability
15. X: "
Do you know that Ariel has been appointed a general manager of our
company?"
Y: " I don't think
he is a right person in the position"
The underlined word
expresses………………………………
A)
Symphaty D) agreement
B)
disagreement E) Pleasure
C)
like
16.
Imam : waitress!!!
Vio : How could you do
such a foolish thing?
Tya : Honey, what are you
doing here? Who is the girl?
Vio : Honey? What is your
relation with her, darling?
Imam : I don’t know who is
the girl, baby. She is just waitress in this restaurant.
Vio : I don’t believe
you. You are crocodile.
Tya : You’re
playboy. I hate you
Vio : I hate you more.
Tya ‘n Vio : we break now!
Imam : I admit what I did
was wrong.
The underlined word expresses………………………………
A) Sadness D) Pleasure
B) disagreement E)
Agreement
C) anger
17.
Imam : “Because
of you, my life has changed, thank you for the love and the joy you bring…”
Tya : What’s wrong with
you??? Are you feeling sick?
Imam : no,no,no. Actually, I’m falling in love with you.
Please be mine.
Tya : Really???
Imam : Of course.
Tya : I need your proving
now.
Imam : Close
your eyes! If you want to be mine, please take this ring. But if you don’t, throw it.
Tya : OK,
I’m yours.
The underlined word expresses………………………………
A) Sadness D) agreement
B)
disagreement E) love
C)
anger
18. A : You know George didn't come last
Saturday night
B : Really? I saw him with a girl in
Lembayung cafe. I thought they were dating there.
A : But he said that he accompanied
his mother to hospital
B : You were lied by him.
A :yes, I know. I am
annoyed. I can't bear it any longer. It's over.
The underlined word expresses………………………………
A)
Sadness D) stance
B)
disagreement E) love
C)
anger
19. A : Today is my bad day
B
: Why? What's wrong?
A
: I feel down from motorcycle in front of Campus
B
: Really? Are you Ok?
A
: I am fine, but I feel so embarrassed because my shoes were flying
over me and my skirt
wastorn
B
: You must be very ashamed
A
: You bet. I felt so ashamed to know that. I don't feel convenient
because there were some boys hanging out.
The underlined word expresses………………………………
A)
Sadness D) love
B)
embarassment E) stance
C)
anger
20. Anna: I think I have to leave Andrew.
Our relationship is running worse day after day.
Jennifer:
It's surprising me. What happen?
Anna: I
found him with somebody else.
Jennifer:
What? Who the hell is the girl?
Anna: Helena. Jennifer: What? Helena. The girl
from next class?
Anna:
Yea. She was.
Jennifer: Oh my God. I strongly believed
that she's pervert.
Anna: I
think so. That's why I told Andrew to choose me or her.
Jennifer:
That's good idea.
The underlined word expresses………………………………
A)
Sadness D) Love
B)
disagreement E) stance
C)
like
Essay :
1.
Why
should wearing a helmet when reading motorcycle
We often hear lots of stories from road regarding people
taking spill on motorcycle when they are riding without using helmet. Mostly
the riders badly end up in mess.
Wearing
a fitted protective helmet offers many benefits which reduces the negative
aspects of riding. First and the most important is that wearing the correct
helmet can save a rider's life, physical ability, family pain, and money. The
recommended designs of motorcycle helmets can provide total protection. They
not only protect riders from getting a worse road injured accident but also
from flying bugs, such as rain, sleet, mud and other potential projectiles.
Second,
wearing a helmet can gives the raiders a matter of style. Helmets give the
opportunity for rider to express the image they may want to project when riding
on they way. This benefit may not be important to some people, but to others,
it means a lot and important. By choosing the most appropriate helmet from all
of the various styles, such as beanie, shorty, German, and many others, wearing
a helmet which can projecting an image is an inherent crucial part of
motorcycling and help riders feel more confident when riding on the road.
However,
what most important is wearing helmet when riding is a matter of using it
properly. Bikers should use the helmets which are fixed to their head. It is
really not good if they places simply the helmets on the head without settling
them properly. The bikers should fasten the helmet correctly to their head in
order to get safe and comfort.
What is the main idea of
the text?
Answer :
2.
GOLDEN EGGS
Long time ago a remote village, in
central China was inhabited mainly with farmers and hunters. One day, a poor
farmer lost his entire livestock to flood. He prayed hard to God for help or
his family would die of starvation.
Few
days later, an old man with long grey beard, passed by his house took pity on
him. He gave him a goose and said “ I don’t have any expensive thing to give
you and hope this goose will help you to ease your hardship.”
A week later to almost surprise the
farmer found and egg in his yard. This was no ordinary egg. It was a golden
egg. He was suddenly overcome with joy.
Thereafter,
his livelihood had rapidly improved but the farmer had forgotten his earlier
hardship. He became lazy, arrogant and spendthrift.
Strangely,
the goose only laid one golden egg every six months. The greedy farmer lost his
patient and slaughtered his goose thinking there were plenty of golden eggs
inside its stomach.
Though
he very much regretted for his foolishness, it’s already too late.
Which character in the story played?
Answer:
3.
"Loving Money Too Much"
There was a man who liked money very much. He worked all of his life and wanted to save all of his money for his own future. He was a real miser when it came to his money. He loved money more than just about anything.
Even,
just before he died, he said to his wife; "Now listen, when I die, I want
you to take all my money and place it in the casket with me. I wanna take my
money to the afterlife." So he asked his wife to promise him with all her
heart that when he died, she would put all the money in the casket with him.
Well,
one day, he really died. Then he was stretched out in the casket. The wife was
sitting there in black clothes next to her closest friend. When they finished
the ceremony, just before the undertakers got ready to close the casket, the
wife said "Wait just a minute!"
She
had a box in her hands. She came over with the box and placed it in the casket.
After that the undertakers locked the casket down and rolled it away. Not long
after that, her friend said, "I hope you were not crazy enough to put all
that money in the casket."
The
wife turned to her friend and replied; "Yes, because I have
promised." Then she continued; "I can't lie. I promised him that I
was going to put that money in that casket with him." Feeling shocked, her
friend said; "You mean that you have put every cent of his money in the
casket with him?" Then the wife answered; "Surely I did. I got it all
together, put all the money into my account and I just wrote him a check."
How is the end of the story ?
Answer :